D．动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语 ? 1． 动词的-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。 ? We heard the children shouting upstairs.?? 我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。 ? I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下车的时候注意到一个男人从银行里跑出来。 ? I felt my heart beating violently.?? 我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。 ? 2．动词的-ing形式和不定式作宾语补语的区别 ? 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词的-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词的-ing形式时，表示动作 正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。 ? He saw a girl getting on the car. 他看见一个女孩在上汽车。 (She was getting on the car.) ? He saw a girl get on the car and drive off.? 他看见一个女孩上车开走了。 (She got on the car and drove off.) ? Do you hear someone knocking at the door 你听见有人在敲门吗？ (Someone is knocking at the door.) ? Do you hear someone knock at the door 你听见有人敲门了吗？ (Someone knocked at the door just now.)

　　提示： ? 如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词的-ing形式。 ? I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette. 我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。 ? 3．动词的-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示“致使”的动词后作宾语补足语。 ? They should not leave us wondering what they will do next. 他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。 ? I won't have you running about in the room. 我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。 ? We kept the fire burning all night long.?? 我们使火整夜燃烧着。

　　E．动词的-ing形式作定语

　　1．单个的动词的-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般有两种含义。 ? ①说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。 ? a reading room= a room which is used for reading阅览室 ? running shoes= shoes for running跑鞋 ? a working method = a method of working工作方法 ? 必背： ? a sewing machine? 缝纫机 ? a swimming pool?? 游泳池 ? a drawing board?? 画板? ? a dining car?? 餐车 ? a driving permit?? 驾驶许可证 ? a walking stick?? 手杖 ? a singing competition? 歌咏比赛 ? a waiting room?? 候车室 ? ②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 ? developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家 ? an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子 ? a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题 ? The working people are masters of our country. 劳动人民是我们国家的主人。 ? Let sleeping dogs lie. 不要惹麻烦。

　　必背： ? a disappointing play令人失望的戏剧 ? an astonishing adventure 惊人的冒险 ? boiling water?正在沸腾的水 ? a sleeping baby?? 熟睡的婴儿 ? a barking dog ?狂吠的狗 ? the setting sun?? 落日 ? the coming week?下一周 ? failing sight? 逐渐衰退的视力2．作定语的-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。 ? The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. 装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去。 ? They lived in a house facing south.?? 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。 ? The book being discussed a lot will be published next month. 人们谈论很多的那本书下一个月将出版。 ? 3．有些情况下，动词的-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须使用定语从句。 ? ①作定语的-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。 ? 【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. ? 【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. 昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。 ? ②-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。 ? 【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. ? 【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要修建了。

　　F．动词的-ing形式作状语

　　动词的-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 ? 1．表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 ? Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。（= When she saw those pictures...） ? Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. 我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。（= After we have made full preparation...） ? 2．表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 ? Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。（= As I don't know his address...） ? Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。（= Since he was ill...） ? 3．表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 ? His father died, leaving him a lot of money.?? 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。（= ... and left him a lot of money） ? She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. 她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，摔成了碎片。（= ... and broke it into pieces...） ? 4．表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 ? Going straight down the road, you will find the department store. 顺着这条路一直走，你就会发现那家百货商店。（= If you go straight down the road...） ? Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. 如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。（= If you work hard at your lessons...） ? 5．表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 ? Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。（= Although they knew all this...） ? Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car. 他虽然努力地干，但仍然挣不够买车的钱。（= Though he worked hard as he did...） ? 6．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 ? He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。（= ...and stared at the sky for a long time） ? She came into the house, carrying a lot of books. 她捧着许多书走进了房间。（= ...and carried a lot of books） ? 三、动词的-ing形式的逻辑主语

　　A．作主语的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。 ? Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。（Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来） ? 提示： ? 如果作主语的-ing 形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格（即名词后加's）。 ? His father's falling ill worried him greatly. 他父亲生病使他很着急。（his father是falling ill的逻辑主语） ? Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us. 你来和我们一道工作，对我们是很大的鼓舞。（you是coming to work with us的逻辑主语）

　　B．作表语的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但作表语的-ing 形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。 ? What worries me most is Julia's staying too late every night. 我担心的是她天天晚上熬夜熬得太迟。（staying too late every night的逻辑主语是Julia） ? The main problem is your not having practiced a lot. 主要的问题是你缺乏大量的练习。（not having practiced a lot的逻辑主语是you）

　　C．作定语的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。 ? an interesting book 一本有意思的书 = a book that interests its readers ? a running stream 一条奔流的小溪= a stream that is running ? 如果-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。 ? The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance. 正在北京召开的会议非常重要。 （逻辑主语the meeting 和“举行”之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held

　　D．作宾语的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。 ? I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many people. 我不能想像约翰会在这么多人前面发言。(John是giving a speech的逻辑主语) ? He was awakened by someone knocking at the door.? 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。(someone是knocking at the door的逻辑主语) ? The boss understood himhis wanting to leave. 老板明白他为什么要离职。（“他”是wanting to leave逻辑主语） ? 比较： ? He insisted on doing it himself. 他坚持要自己做。（doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”） ? He insisted on my doing it. 他坚持要我做。（doing it的逻辑主语是“我”） ? Would you mind opening the window 请你把窗子打开好吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”） ? Would you mind my opening the window 你介意我把窗子打开吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”）

　　E．作宾语补足语的-ing 形式 ? 动词-ing 形式作逻辑主语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。 ? We often hear her singing this song. 我们经常听见她唱这首歌。（singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”） ? We often hear this song (being) sung. 我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。（逻辑主语“this song”和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动，所以用-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。）

　　F．作状语的动词-ing 形式

　　1．动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 ? Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it. 走进教室，我发现里面没人。（entering的逻辑主语是I，相当于when I entered the classroom, I found nobody in it.） ? 如-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。 ? 【误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful. （looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对） ? 【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden. 从窗户看出去，我们看见一个漂亮的花园。 ? 【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking. （逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报） ? 【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking. 我看着晚报的时候，一只狗开始叫起来。 ? 2．如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常有名词或代词来担任。 ? The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 末班车已经开走了，我们不得不走回家。（having gone的逻辑主语是the last bus，而不是we） ? Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. 天气允许的话，足球赛将在周五举行。（permitting的逻辑主语是time，而不是the football match） ? 注意： ? 高中阶段有一些固定的-ing形式短语，如generally speaking, judging from..., considering..., talking of..., supposing...等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种-ing短语可当作一个插入语。 ? Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.?一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣。 ? Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大。 ? Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。 ? Supposing it rains what will you do 假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？

　　D．动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语 ? 1． 动词的-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。 ? We heard the children shouting upstairs.?? 我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。 ? I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下车的时候注意到一个男人从银行里跑出来。 ? I felt my heart beating violently.?? 我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。 ? 2．动词的-ing形式和不定式作宾语补语的区别 ? 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词的-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词的-ing形式时，表示动作 正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。 ? He saw a girl getting on the car. 他看见一个女孩在上汽车。 (She was getting on the car.) ? He saw a girl get on the car and drive off.? 他看见一个女孩上车开走了。 (She got on the car and drove off.) ? Do you hear someone knocking at the door 你听见有人在敲门吗？ (Someone is knocking at the door.) ? Do you hear someone knock at the door 你听见有人敲门了吗？ (Someone knocked at the door just now.)

　　提示： ? 如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词的-ing形式。 ? I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette. 我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。 ? 3．动词的-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示“致使”的动词后作宾语补足语。 ? They should not leave us wondering what they will do next. 他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。 ? I won't have you running about in the room. 我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。 ? We kept the fire burning all night long.?? 我们使火整夜燃烧着。

　　E．动词的-ing形式作定语

　　1．单个的动词的-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般有两种含义。 ? ①说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。 ? a reading room= a room which is used for reading阅览室 ? running shoes= shoes for running跑鞋 ? a working method = a method of working工作方法 ? 必背： ? a sewing machine? 缝纫机 ? a swimming pool?? 游泳池 ? a drawing board?? 画板? ? a dining car?? 餐车 ? a driving permit?? 驾驶许可证 ? a walking stick?? 手杖 ? a singing competition? 歌咏比赛 ? a waiting room?? 候车室 ? ②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 ? developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家 ? an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子 ? a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题 ? The working people are masters of our country. 劳动人民是我们国家的主人。 ? Let sleeping dogs lie. 不要惹麻烦。

　　必背： ? a disappointing play令人失望的戏剧 ? an astonishing adventure 惊人的冒险 ? boiling water?正在沸腾的水 ? a sleeping baby?? 熟睡的婴儿 ? a barking dog ?狂吠的狗 ? the setting sun?? 落日 ? the coming week?下一周 ? failing sight? 逐渐衰退的视力2．作定语的-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。 ? The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. 装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去。 ? They lived in a house facing south.?? 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。 ? The book being discussed a lot will be published next month. 人们谈论很多的那本书下一个月将出版。 ? 3．有些情况下，动词的-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须使用定语从句。 ? ①作定语的-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。 ? 【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. ? 【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. 昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。 ? ②-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。 ? 【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. ? 【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要修建了。

　　F．动词的-ing形式作状语

　　动词的-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 ? 1．表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 ? Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。（= When she saw those pictures...） ? Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. 我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。（= After we have made full preparation...） ? 2．表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 ? Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。（= As I don't know his address...） ? Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。（= Since he was ill...） ? 3．表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 ? His father died, leaving him a lot of money.?? 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。（= ... and left him a lot of money） ? She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. 她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，摔成了碎片。（= ... and broke it into pieces...） ? 4．表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 ? Going straight down the road, you will find the department store. 顺着这条路一直走，你就会发现那家百货商店。（= If you go straight down the road...） ? Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. 如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。（= If you work hard at your lessons...） ? 5．表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 ? Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。（= Although they knew all this...） ? Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car. 他虽然努力地干，但仍然挣不够买车的钱。（= Though he worked hard as he did...） ? 6．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 ? He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。（= ...and stared at the sky for a long time） ? She came into the house, carrying a lot of books. 她捧着许多书走进了房间。（= ...and carried a lot of books） ? 三、动词的-ing形式的逻辑主语

　　A．作主语的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。 ? Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。（Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来） ? 提示： ? 如果作主语的-ing 形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格（即名词后加's）。 ? His father's falling ill worried him greatly. 他父亲生病使他很着急。（his father是falling ill的逻辑主语） ? Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us. 你来和我们一道工作，对我们是很大的鼓舞。（you是coming to work with us的逻辑主语）

　　B．作表语的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但作表语的-ing 形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。 ? What worries me most is Julia's staying too late every night. 我担心的是她天天晚上熬夜熬得太迟。（staying too late every night的逻辑主语是Julia） ? The main problem is your not having practiced a lot. 主要的问题是你缺乏大量的练习。（not having practiced a lot的逻辑主语是you）

　　C．作定语的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。 ? an interesting book 一本有意思的书 = a book that interests its readers ? a running stream 一条奔流的小溪= a stream that is running ? 如果-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。 ? The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance. 正在北京召开的会议非常重要。 （逻辑主语the meeting 和“举行”之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held

　　D．作宾语的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。 ? I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many people. 我不能想像约翰会在这么多人前面发言。(John是giving a speech的逻辑主语) ? He was awakened by someone knocking at the door.? 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。(someone是knocking at the door的逻辑主语) ? The boss understood himhis wanting to leave. 老板明白他为什么要离职。（“他”是wanting to leave逻辑主语） ? 比较： ? He insisted on doing it himself. 他坚持要自己做。（doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”） ? He insisted on my doing it. 他坚持要我做。（doing it的逻辑主语是“我”） ? Would you mind opening the window 请你把窗子打开好吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”） ? Would you mind my opening the window 你介意我把窗子打开吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”）

　　E．作宾语补足语的-ing 形式 ? 动词-ing 形式作逻辑主语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。 ? We often hear her singing this song. 我们经常听见她唱这首歌。（singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”） ? We often hear this song (being) sung. 我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。（逻辑主语“this song”和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动，所以用-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。）

　　F．作状语的动词-ing 形式

　　1．动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 ? Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it. 走进教室，我发现里面没人。（entering的逻辑主语是I，相当于when I entered the classroom, I found nobody in it.） ? 如-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。 ? 【误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful. （looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对） ? 【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden. 从窗户看出去，我们看见一个漂亮的花园。 ? 【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking. （逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报） ? 【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking. 我看着晚报的时候，一只狗开始叫起来。 ? 2．如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常有名词或代词来担任。 ? The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 末班车已经开走了，我们不得不走回家。（having gone的逻辑主语是the last bus，而不是we） ? Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. 天气允许的话，足球赛将在周五举行。（permitting的逻辑主语是time，而不是the football match） ? 注意： ? 高中阶段有一些固定的-ing形式短语，如generally speaking, judging from..., considering..., talking of..., supposing...等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种-ing短语可当作一个插入语。 ? Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.?一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣。 ? Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大。 ? Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。 ? Supposing it rains what will you do 假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？