省略句

　　莎士比亚曾经说过：Brevity is the soul of wit. （言以简为贵）。为了使话说得简明扼要，英语句子中某个单词、短语甚至从句或主句都可以省去。这种省去句子某些成分而保持句子意思不变的现象，称为省略（ellipsis）。一、?省略的目的

　　省略多见于非正式的文体，尤其在对话中，省略是一种十分普遍的现象。英语中的省略一般说来有三个目的：

　　A．?避免重复，减少累赘。

　　省略的主要目的是避免重复，去掉不必要的累赘和繁琐。 ? Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day. 迈克说他第二 天要来学?？次遥堑诙焖⒚挥欣囱？次?。 ? -- Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't. 迈克说他第二天要来学?？次?，但是他并没有来。(省掉最后九个词，句子简洁多了) ? — What did he want yesterday 他昨天要了什么？ —?An apple. 一个苹果。（如果回答时说出全文“He wanted an apple yesterday”，便显得别扭，不自然）B．?连接紧密，结构紧凑。

　　省略也是使上下文紧密连接的一种修辞手段。 ? John was the winner in 1994 and Bob in 1998. 约翰是1994年的获胜者，鲍勃是1998年的获胜者。（Bob后省略了was the winner，句子结构显得比较紧凑） ? In some places we stopped in tents for the night, in other places in caves. 我们在有些地方住在帐篷里过夜，在有些地方住在山洞里。（in other places 后省略了主语和谓语we stopped for the night，上下文连接更加紧密） ? 省略： ? 回答问题要简洁，并列重复需省略。祈使主语常省略，比较than后需省略。宾从表从that勿省略。前后出现同一词，习惯表达需省略。C．强调重点，突出信息。 ? 省略的另一作用是突出新的信息。 ? Truth speaks too low, hypocrisy too loud. 真理讲话声太低，虚伪讲话声太高。（后一分句省略谓语speaks，突出了too loud） ? — Have you told him that 你把那告诉他了吗？ ? — Not yet. 还没有呢。(= I have not told him that yet. 强调not yet ) ? 二、?可省略的成分

　　省略大致可归纳为功能词的省略和语法结构上的省略两种。在很多情况下，这两种省略存在着交叉的关系，即有时既是功能词的省略，同时又是语法结构上的省略。

　　A．?功能词的省略

　　功能词指的是没有完整意义，但有语法意义的词，如冠词、介词、助动词等。英语句子结构的简洁，首先表现在功能词的省略上。

　　1．冠词的省略 ? They elected John (the) monitor of the class. 他们选约翰当班长。 ? A man and (a) woman are talking in the office. 办公室一男一女正在谈话。 ? He could not understand why there was no noise coming from the house, not even the sound of the radio or (the) television. 他不明白为什么从屋子里一点响声也没传出来，甚至连收音机和电视机的声音也没有。 ? 提示： ? 在英语资讯标题、告示中，经常省略冠词。 ? Chinese President Stresses Role of Working Class 中国国家主席强调工人阶级作用 （资讯标题 = The Chinese President Stresses the Role of the Working Class） ? People Rebuild Homes After Flood 洪水退后人民重建家园（资讯标题 = The People Rebuild Their Homes After the Flood） ? DO NOT SPEAK TO DRIVER WHILE BUS IS IN MOTION 汽车在行驶时请勿和司机讲话。（告示 = Do not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion）

　　2．代词的省略 ? I went to the market, (I) bought something useful, and (I) returned home within an hour. 我去了市场，买了点有用的东西，一小时之内就回来了。 ? They didn't like it, yet (they) said nothing. 他们并不喜欢它，可是什么话也没说。 ? (It) Doesn't matter. 这不碍事。 ? (You) Had a good time, didn't you 玩得开心，是吧？ ? I like your two small bottles, but I don't like the smallest (one). 我喜欢你的两只小瓶子，但我不喜欢最小的那一只。3．连词的省略 ? We are delighted (that) you can come. 你能来，我们很高兴。 ? I believe (that) you will succeed．我相信你们会成功的。 ? It's a pity (that) he's leaving. 他要走，真遗憾。

　　4．关系词的省略 ? I'll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。 ? He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。 ? It wasn't I (who) let him in. 不是我放他进来的。 ? It happened on the day (when) we first met. 这发生在我们初次见面的那一天。 ? There is a man (who) wants to see you. 有个人想要见你。5．助动词的省略 ? (Does) Anyone want a drink 有谁要喝一杯吗？ ? Who (do) you think you are 你以为你是谁？（在特殊疑问句中，当主语是第二人称时，助动词do可省略） ? I (have) got to go now. 我得走了。6．不定式符号的省略 ? I hope to finish my job and (to) go back home. 我希望做完事回家。（当几个不定式并列时，一般只需在第一个不定式前用to） ? What we could do was (to) get away. （主语从句中含有do，那么作表语的动词不定式往往省略to） ? We did not dare (to) speak. 我们不敢说话。（dare作行为动词用时，否定式可省略to） ? There is nothing to do but (to) obey the orders. 除了服从命令之外，我们别无他法。（介词but前如有do，but后可省略to）

　　注意： ? 当两个并列的不定式在意义上表示对比关系时，后面的不定式一般不省略to。 ? To be or not to be, that is the question. 活着还是死亡，这就是问题所在。（莎士比亚） ? It was better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。7．介词的省略 ?? He went (in) that way. 他往那边去了。 ? The two boys are (of) the same age. 这两个男孩年龄一样大。 ? I am in doubt (about) whether this is right or not. 我拿不定主意这对不对。 ? You may come to see me (at) any time between 4 and 5. 你在4点到5点之间随时都可以来见我。 ? She must have stayed here (for) a long time. 她在这里一定呆了很久了。 ? 必背： ? 在下列结构中，介词in常常省略。 ? be busy (in) doing sth.? 忙于做某事 ? spend time (in) doing sth.? 花时间做某事 ? waste energy (in) doing sth.? 浪费精力做某事 ? have difficulty (in) doing sth.? 做某事有困难 ? have a good time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得非常愉快 ? have a hard time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得很艰难 ? take turns (in) doing sth.? 轮流做某事 ? It is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事没有用 ? It is no good (in) doing sth.? 做某事无益 ? There is no hurry (in) doing sth.? 不必着急做某事 ? There is no point (in) doing sth.? 做某事无意义 ? There is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事没有用8．引导词there的省略 ? (There) Ought to be some coffee in the pot. 壶里应该有些咖啡的。 ? (There) Must be somebody waiting for you. 肯定有人在等你。B．?句子成分的省略

　　为了避免重复，或者为了使某一内容显要注目，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变。

　　1．省略主语 ? Hope so. 希望如此。（= I hope so.） ? Beg your pardon. 请你原谅。（= I beg your pardon.） ? Take care! 当心?。? You take care.） ? Looks as if it will rain. 看起来像要下雨。（= It looks as if it will rain.） ? Serves you right. 你活该?。? It serves you right.） ? 注意： ? 祈使句主语通常省略（如Take care! 当心?。５惺蔽嗣魅范苑剑杉由现饔铩?? You feed the bird today, will you 今天你喂鸟，好吗？ ? Somebody answer the phone, please. 请来个人接一下电话。2．省略谓语 ? Anything the matter？要紧吗？（= Is anything the matter） ? Who next 该谁了？（= Who comes next） ? Just a moment, please. 请等一会儿。（= Just wait a moment, please.） ? The river was deep and the ice thin. 河很深，冰很薄。（= The river was deep and the ice was thin.） ? We'll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。（= We'll do the best we can do.） ? What we can't get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的似乎要比我们已经得到的要好。（= What we can't get seems better than what we have got.）3．省略表语 ? Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗？ 我准备好了。（am后面省略了表语ready） ? He is a lover of sports as he was in his youth. 他还是像年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。（was后面省略了表语a lover of sports） ? China has been, and still is, the most populous country in the world. 中国过去是，而且现在还是世界上人口最多的国家。 （= China has been the most populous country in the world and still is the most populous country in the world.）4．省略宾语 ? We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们必须分析问题解决问题。（analyze后省略了宾语problems） ? I struck match after match, but could not light. 我划了一根又一根火柴，但一根也没划着。（light后省略了宾语a match） ? Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry. 让我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。（wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes）5．省略定语 ? He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 他花了一部分钱，其余的他都存了起来。（the rest后面省略了定语of the money）6．省略状语 ? (Even) The wisest man cannot know everything. 即使最聪明的人也不能无所不知。 ? Mary spoke (rudely), and John answered rudely. 玛丽说得粗鲁，约翰答得也粗鲁。 ? He was not hurt. (How) Strange! 他没有受伤，真奇怪！

　　省略句

　　莎士比亚曾经说过：Brevity is the soul of wit. （言以简为贵）。为了使话说得简明扼要，英语句子中某个单词、短语甚至从句或主句都可以省去。这种省去句子某些成分而保持句子意思不变的现象，称为省略（ellipsis）。一、?省略的目的

　　省略多见于非正式的文体，尤其在对话中，省略是一种十分普遍的现象。英语中的省略一般说来有三个目的：

　　A．?避免重复，减少累赘。

　　省略的主要目的是避免重复，去掉不必要的累赘和繁琐。 ? Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day. 迈克说他第二 天要来学?？次?，但是第二天他并没有来学?？次摇?? -- Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't. 迈克说他第二天要来学?？次?，但是他并没有来。(省掉最后九个词，句子简洁多了) ? — What did he want yesterday 他昨天要了什么？ —?An apple. 一个苹果。（如果回答时说出全文“He wanted an apple yesterday”，便显得别扭，不自然）B．?连接紧密，结构紧凑。

　　省略也是使上下文紧密连接的一种修辞手段。 ? John was the winner in 1994 and Bob in 1998. 约翰是1994年的获胜者，鲍勃是1998年的获胜者。（Bob后省略了was the winner，句子结构显得比较紧凑） ? In some places we stopped in tents for the night, in other places in caves. 我们在有些地方住在帐篷里过夜，在有些地方住在山洞里。（in other places 后省略了主语和谓语we stopped for the night，上下文连接更加紧密） ? 省略： ? 回答问题要简洁，并列重复需省略。祈使主语常省略，比较than后需省略。宾从表从that勿省略。前后出现同一词，习惯表达需省略。C．强调重点，突出信息。 ? 省略的另一作用是突出新的信息。 ? Truth speaks too low, hypocrisy too loud. 真理讲话声太低，虚伪讲话声太高。（后一分句省略谓语speaks，突出了too loud） ? — Have you told him that 你把那告诉他了吗？ ? — Not yet. 还没有呢。(= I have not told him that yet. 强调not yet ) ? 二、?可省略的成分

　　省略大致可归纳为功能词的省略和语法结构上的省略两种。在很多情况下，这两种省略存在着交叉的关系，即有时既是功能词的省略，同时又是语法结构上的省略。

　　A．?功能词的省略

　　功能词指的是没有完整意义，但有语法意义的词，如冠词、介词、助动词等。英语句子结构的简洁，首先表现在功能词的省略上。

　　1．冠词的省略 ? They elected John (the) monitor of the class. 他们选约翰当班长。 ? A man and (a) woman are talking in the office. 办公室一男一女正在谈话。 ? He could not understand why there was no noise coming from the house, not even the sound of the radio or (the) television. 他不明白为什么从屋子里一点响声也没传出来，甚至连收音机和电视机的声音也没有。 ? 提示： ? 在英语资讯标题、告示中，经常省略冠词。 ? Chinese President Stresses Role of Working Class 中国国家主席强调工人阶级作用 （资讯标题 = The Chinese President Stresses the Role of the Working Class） ? People Rebuild Homes After Flood 洪水退后人民重建家园（资讯标题 = The People Rebuild Their Homes After the Flood） ? DO NOT SPEAK TO DRIVER WHILE BUS IS IN MOTION 汽车在行驶时请勿和司机讲话。（告示 = Do not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion）

　　2．代词的省略 ? I went to the market, (I) bought something useful, and (I) returned home within an hour. 我去了市场，买了点有用的东西，一小时之内就回来了。 ? They didn't like it, yet (they) said nothing. 他们并不喜欢它，可是什么话也没说。 ? (It) Doesn't matter. 这不碍事。 ? (You) Had a good time, didn't you 玩得开心，是吧？ ? I like your two small bottles, but I don't like the smallest (one). 我喜欢你的两只小瓶子，但我不喜欢最小的那一只。3．连词的省略 ? We are delighted (that) you can come. 你能来，我们很高兴。 ? I believe (that) you will succeed．我相信你们会成功的。 ? It's a pity (that) he's leaving. 他要走，真遗憾。

　　4．关系词的省略 ? I'll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。 ? He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。 ? It wasn't I (who) let him in. 不是我放他进来的。 ? It happened on the day (when) we first met. 这发生在我们初次见面的那一天。 ? There is a man (who) wants to see you. 有个人想要见你。5．助动词的省略 ? (Does) Anyone want a drink 有谁要喝一杯吗？ ? Who (do) you think you are 你以为你是谁？（在特殊疑问句中，当主语是第二人称时，助动词do可省略） ? I (have) got to go now. 我得走了。6．不定式符号的省略 ? I hope to finish my job and (to) go back home. 我希望做完事回家。（当几个不定式并列时，一般只需在第一个不定式前用to） ? What we could do was (to) get away. （主语从句中含有do，那么作表语的动词不定式往往省略to） ? We did not dare (to) speak. 我们不敢说话。（dare作行为动词用时，否定式可省略to） ? There is nothing to do but (to) obey the orders. 除了服从命令之外，我们别无他法。（介词but前如有do，but后可省略to）

　　注意： ? 当两个并列的不定式在意义上表示对比关系时，后面的不定式一般不省略to。 ? To be or not to be, that is the question. 活着还是死亡，这就是问题所在。（莎士比亚） ? It was better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。7．介词的省略 ?? He went (in) that way. 他往那边去了。 ? The two boys are (of) the same age. 这两个男孩年龄一样大。 ? I am in doubt (about) whether this is right or not. 我拿不定主意这对不对。 ? You may come to see me (at) any time between 4 and 5. 你在4点到5点之间随时都可以来见我。 ? She must have stayed here (for) a long time. 她在这里一定呆了很久了。 ? 必背： ? 在下列结构中，介词in常常省略。 ? be busy (in) doing sth.? 忙于做某事 ? spend time (in) doing sth.? 花时间做某事 ? waste energy (in) doing sth.? 浪费精力做某事 ? have difficulty (in) doing sth.? 做某事有困难 ? have a good time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得非常愉快 ? have a hard time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得很艰难 ? take turns (in) doing sth.? 轮流做某事 ? It is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事没有用 ? It is no good (in) doing sth.? 做某事无益 ? There is no hurry (in) doing sth.? 不必着急做某事 ? There is no point (in) doing sth.? 做某事无意义 ? There is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事没有用8．引导词there的省略 ? (There) Ought to be some coffee in the pot. 壶里应该有些咖啡的。 ? (There) Must be somebody waiting for you. 肯定有人在等你。B．?句子成分的省略

　　为了避免重复，或者为了使某一内容显要注目，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变。

　　1．省略主语 ? Hope so. 希望如此。（= I hope so.） ? Beg your pardon. 请你原谅。（= I beg your pardon.） ? Take care! 当心?。? You take care.） ? Looks as if it will rain. 看起来像要下雨。（= It looks as if it will rain.） ? Serves you right. 你活该?。? It serves you right.） ? 注意： ? 祈使句主语通常省略（如Take care! 当心?。?。但有时为了明确对方，可加上主语。 ? You feed the bird today, will you 今天你喂鸟，好吗？ ? Somebody answer the phone, please. 请来个人接一下电话。2．省略谓语 ? Anything the matter？要紧吗？（= Is anything the matter） ? Who next 该谁了？（= Who comes next） ? Just a moment, please. 请等一会儿。（= Just wait a moment, please.） ? The river was deep and the ice thin. 河很深，冰很薄。（= The river was deep and the ice was thin.） ? We'll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。（= We'll do the best we can do.） ? What we can't get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的似乎要比我们已经得到的要好。（= What we can't get seems better than what we have got.）3．省略表语 ? Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗？ 我准备好了。（am后面省略了表语ready） ? He is a lover of sports as he was in his youth. 他还是像年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。（was后面省略了表语a lover of sports） ? China has been, and still is, the most populous country in the world. 中国过去是，而且现在还是世界上人口最多的国家。 （= China has been the most populous country in the world and still is the most populous country in the world.）4．省略宾语 ? We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们必须分析问题解决问题。（analyze后省略了宾语problems） ? I struck match after match, but could not light. 我划了一根又一根火柴，但一根也没划着。（light后省略了宾语a match） ? Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry. 让我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。（wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes）5．省略定语 ? He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 他花了一部分钱，其余的他都存了起来。（the rest后面省略了定语of the money）6．省略状语 ? (Even) The wisest man cannot know everything. 即使最聪明的人也不能无所不知。 ? Mary spoke (rudely), and John answered rudely. 玛丽说得粗鲁，约翰答得也粗鲁。 ? He was not hurt. (How) Strange! 他没有受伤，真奇怪！