What Happens When We Die?

　　我们死的时候到底发生了什么呢? 时代周刊专访Dr. Sam Parnia ，一个专门研究死亡的。

　　A fellow at New York Citys Weill Cornell Medical Center, Dr. Sam Parnia is one of the worlds leading experts on the scientific study of death. Last week Parnia and his colleagues at the Human Consciousness Project announced their first major undertaking: a 3-year exploration of the biology behind out-of-body experiences. The study, known as AWARE , involves the collaboration of 25 major medical centers through Europe, Canada and the U.S. and will examine some 1,500 survivors of cardiac arrest. TIME spoke with Parnia about the projects origins, its skeptics and the difference between the mind and the brain.

　　Dr. Sam Parnia 已经研究out of bodyexperiences长达三年了，看来确实有点说话的权利。

　　下面是他的访谈记录。

　　What sort of methods will this project use to try and verify peoples claims of near-death experience?

　　怎么判断对方是接近死亡呢。我很小就听说过：回光返照的说法。

　　When your heart stops beating, there is no blood getting to your brain. And so what happens is that within about 10 sec., brain activity ceases as you would imagine. Yet paradoxically, 10% or 20% of people who are then brought back to life from that period, which may be a few minutes or over an hour, will report having consciousness.当心脏停止了，20%左右的人有可能被拉回到有意识的状态下面，可能是几分钟，可能是一个小时 So the key thing here is, Are these real, or is it some sort of illusion? So the only way to tell is to have pictures only visible from the ceiling and nowhere else, because they claim they can see everything from the ceiling. 唯一判断的方式：就是他们将去世的人可以从天花板了看到所有的东西。So if we then get a series of 200 or 300 people who all were clinically dead, and yet theyre able to come back and tell us what we were doing and were able see those pictures, that confirms consciousness really was continuing even though the brain wasnt functioning.

　　有点不是很懂。因为确实没有研究过死亡，只能是从字面去理解。

　　How does this project relate to societys perception of death?

　　People commonly perceive death as being a moment youre either dead or youre alive. And thats a social definition we have. 看来死亡不是：要么死了，要么没有死。But the clinical definition we use is when the heart stops beating, the lungs stop working, and as a consequence the brain itself stops working. When doctors shine a light into someones pupil, its to demonstrate that there is no reflex present. The eye reflex is mediated by the brain stem, and thats the area that keeps us alive; if that doesnt work, then that means that the brain itself isnt working. At that point, Ill call a nurse into the room so I can certify that this patient is dead. Fifty years ago, people couldnt survive after that. 如果眼睛的瞳孔没反应，才叫做死了。

　　How is technology challenging the perception that death is a moment?

　　Nowadays, we have technology thats improved so that we can bring people back to life. In fact, there are drugs being developed right now who knows if theyll ever make it to the market that may actually slow down the process of brain-cell injury and death. Imagine you fast-forward to 10 years down the line; and youve given a patient, whose heart has just stopped, this amazing drug; and actually what it does is, it slows everything down so that the things that wouldve happened over an hour, now happen over two days. As medicine progresses, we will end up with lots and lots of ethical questions.随着药物的发展，我们会越来越有道德问题。

　　But what is happening to the individual at that time? Whats really going on? Because there is a lack of blood flow, the cells go into a kind of a frenzy to keep themselves alive. And within about 5 min. or so they start to damage or change. After an hour or so the damage is so great that even if we restart the heart again and pump blood, the person can no longer be viable, because the cells have just been changed too much. And then the cells continue to change so that within a couple of days the body actually decomposes. So its not a moment; its a process that actually begins when the heart stops and culminates in the complete loss of the body, the decompositions of all the cells. However, ultimately what matters is, Whats going on to a persons mind? What happens to the human mind and consciousness during death? Does that cease immediately as soon as the heart stops? Does it cease activity within the first 2 sec., the first 2 min.? Because we know that cells are continuously changing at that time. Does it stop after 10 min., after half an hour, after an hour? And at this point we dont know.

　　What was your first interview like with someone who had reported an out-of-body experience?

　　Eye-opening and very humbling. Because what you see is that, first of all, they are completely genuine people who are not looking for any kind of fame or attention. In many cases they havent even told anybody else about it because theyre afraid of what people will think of them. I have about 500 or so cases of people that Ive interviewed since I first started out more than 10 years ago. Its the consistency of the experiences, the reality of what they were describing. I managed to speak to doctors and nurses who had been present who said these patients had told them exactly what had happened, and they couldnt explain it. I actually documented a few of those in my book What Happens When We Die because I wanted people to get both angles not just the patients side but also the doctors side and see how it feels for the doctors to have a patient come back and tell them what was going on. There was a cardiologist that I spoke with who said he hasnt told anyone else about it because he has no explanation for how this patient could have been able to describe in detail what he had said and done. He was so freaked out by it that he just decided not to think about it anymore.

　　Why do you think there is such resistance to studies like yours?

　　Because were pushing through the boundaries of science, working against assumptions and perceptions that have been fixed. A lot of people hold this idea that, well, when you die, you die; thats it. Death is a moment you know youre either dead or alive. All these things are not scientifically valid, but theyre social perceptions. If you look back at the end of the 19th century, physicists at that time had been working with Newtonian laws of motion, and they really felt they had all the answers to everything that was out there in the universe. When we look at the world around us, Newtonian physics is perfectly sufficient. It explains most things that we deal with. But then it was discovered that actually when you look at motion at really small levels beyond the level of the atoms Newtons laws no longer apply. A new physics was needed, hence, we eventually ended up with quantum physics. It caused a lot of controversy even Einstein himself didnt believe in it.

　　Now, if you look at the mind, consciousness, and the brain, the assumption that the mind and brain are the same thing is fine for most circumstances, because in 99% of circumstances we cant separate the mind and brain; they work at the exactly the same time. But then there are certain extreme examples, like when the brain shuts down, that we see that this assumption may no longer seem to hold true. So a new science is needed in the same way that we had to have a new quantum physics. The CERN particle accelerator may take us back to our roots. It may take us back to the first moments after the Big Bang, the very beginning. With our study, for the first time, we have the technology and the means to be able to investigate this. To see what happens at the end for us. Does something continue?

　　What Happens When We Die?

　　我们死的时候到底发生了什么呢? 时代周刊专访Dr. Sam Parnia ，一个专门研究死亡的。

　　A fellow at New York Citys Weill Cornell Medical Center, Dr. Sam Parnia is one of the worlds leading experts on the scientific study of death. Last week Parnia and his colleagues at the Human Consciousness Project announced their first major undertaking: a 3-year exploration of the biology behind out-of-body experiences. The study, known as AWARE , involves the collaboration of 25 major medical centers through Europe, Canada and the U.S. and will examine some 1,500 survivors of cardiac arrest. TIME spoke with Parnia about the projects origins, its skeptics and the difference between the mind and the brain.

　　Dr. Sam Parnia 已经研究out of bodyexperiences长达三年了，看来确实有点说话的权利。

　　下面是他的访谈记录。

　　What sort of methods will this project use to try and verify peoples claims of near-death experience?

　　怎么判断对方是接近死亡呢。我很小就听说过：回光返照的说法。

　　When your heart stops beating, there is no blood getting to your brain. And so what happens is that within about 10 sec., brain activity ceases as you would imagine. Yet paradoxically, 10% or 20% of people who are then brought back to life from that period, which may be a few minutes or over an hour, will report having consciousness.当心脏停止了，20%左右的人有可能被拉回到有意识的状态下面，可能是几分钟，可能是一个小时 So the key thing here is, Are these real, or is it some sort of illusion? So the only way to tell is to have pictures only visible from the ceiling and nowhere else, because they claim they can see everything from the ceiling. 唯一判断的方式：就是他们将去世的人可以从天花板了看到所有的东西。So if we then get a series of 200 or 300 people who all were clinically dead, and yet theyre able to come back and tell us what we were doing and were able see those pictures, that confirms consciousness really was continuing even though the brain wasnt functioning.

　　有点不是很懂。因为确实没有研究过死亡，只能是从字面去理解。

　　How does this project relate to societys perception of death?

　　People commonly perceive death as being a moment youre either dead or youre alive. And thats a social definition we have. 看来死亡不是：要么死了，要么没有死。But the clinical definition we use is when the heart stops beating, the lungs stop working, and as a consequence the brain itself stops working. When doctors shine a light into someones pupil, its to demonstrate that there is no reflex present. The eye reflex is mediated by the brain stem, and thats the area that keeps us alive; if that doesnt work, then that means that the brain itself isnt working. At that point, Ill call a nurse into the room so I can certify that this patient is dead. Fifty years ago, people couldnt survive after that. 如果眼睛的瞳孔没反应，才叫做死了。

　　How is technology challenging the perception that death is a moment?

　　Nowadays, we have technology thats improved so that we can bring people back to life. In fact, there are drugs being developed right now who knows if theyll ever make it to the market that may actually slow down the process of brain-cell injury and death. Imagine you fast-forward to 10 years down the line; and youve given a patient, whose heart has just stopped, this amazing drug; and actually what it does is, it slows everything down so that the things that wouldve happened over an hour, now happen over two days. As medicine progresses, we will end up with lots and lots of ethical questions.随着药物的发展，我们会越来越有道德问题。

　　But what is happening to the individual at that time? Whats really going on? Because there is a lack of blood flow, the cells go into a kind of a frenzy to keep themselves alive. And within about 5 min. or so they start to damage or change. After an hour or so the damage is so great that even if we restart the heart again and pump blood, the person can no longer be viable, because the cells have just been changed too much. And then the cells continue to change so that within a couple of days the body actually decomposes. So its not a moment; its a process that actually begins when the heart stops and culminates in the complete loss of the body, the decompositions of all the cells. However, ultimately what matters is, Whats going on to a persons mind? What happens to the human mind and consciousness during death? Does that cease immediately as soon as the heart stops? Does it cease activity within the first 2 sec., the first 2 min.? Because we know that cells are continuously changing at that time. Does it stop after 10 min., after half an hour, after an hour? And at this point we dont know.

　　What was your first interview like with someone who had reported an out-of-body experience?

　　Eye-opening and very humbling. Because what you see is that, first of all, they are completely genuine people who are not looking for any kind of fame or attention. In many cases they havent even told anybody else about it because theyre afraid of what people will think of them. I have about 500 or so cases of people that Ive interviewed since I first started out more than 10 years ago. Its the consistency of the experiences, the reality of what they were describing. I managed to speak to doctors and nurses who had been present who said these patients had told them exactly what had happened, and they couldnt explain it. I actually documented a few of those in my book What Happens When We Die because I wanted people to get both angles not just the patients side but also the doctors side and see how it feels for the doctors to have a patient come back and tell them what was going on. There was a cardiologist that I spoke with who said he hasnt told anyone else about it because he has no explanation for how this patient could have been able to describe in detail what he had said and done. He was so freaked out by it that he just decided not to think about it anymore.

　　Why do you think there is such resistance to studies like yours?

　　Because were pushing through the boundaries of science, working against assumptions and perceptions that have been fixed. A lot of people hold this idea that, well, when you die, you die; thats it. Death is a moment you know youre either dead or alive. All these things are not scientifically valid, but theyre social perceptions. If you look back at the end of the 19th century, physicists at that time had been working with Newtonian laws of motion, and they really felt they had all the answers to everything that was out there in the universe. When we look at the world around us, Newtonian physics is perfectly sufficient. It explains most things that we deal with. But then it was discovered that actually when you look at motion at really small levels beyond the level of the atoms Newtons laws no longer apply. A new physics was needed, hence, we eventually ended up with quantum physics. It caused a lot of controversy even Einstein himself didnt believe in it.

　　Now, if you look at the mind, consciousness, and the brain, the assumption that the mind and brain are the same thing is fine for most circumstances, because in 99% of circumstances we cant separate the mind and brain; they work at the exactly the same time. But then there are certain extreme examples, like when the brain shuts down, that we see that this assumption may no longer seem to hold true. So a new science is needed in the same way that we had to have a new quantum physics. The CERN particle accelerator may take us back to our roots. It may take us back to the first moments after the Big Bang, the very beginning. With our study, for the first time, we have the technology and the means to be able to investigate this. To see what happens at the end for us. Does something continue?