1.Assume for a moment that youre a manager going to work for a branch of a global organization in a foreign country. You know that your environment will differ from the one at home,but how? What should you be looking for?

　　1、此刻假设你是一位美国经理，你准备到一家全球组织的国外分支机构工作.。你知道你的环境将与国内的不同，但二者的差异会达到什么程度呢?你应当注意些什么?

　　2.Any manager who finds himself or herself in a foreign country faces new challenges. In this section,well look at some of those challenges and offer guidelines for responding. Although our discussion is presented through the eyes of a U.S. manager,our analytical framework could be used by any manager who nas to manager in a foreign environment,regardless of national origin.

　　2、任何一位发觉自己处于一个陌生国家的管理者都面临着新的挑战。在这一节中，我们将考察这些挑战，并对如何做出反应提供一些指导。虽然我们将以一位美国管理者的视角来展开我们的讨论，但是我们的分析框架能为任何在国外环境中经营的管理者使用，不受国籍之限。

　　3.The Legal-Political Environment

　　3、法律-政治环境

　　4.U.S. managers are accustomed to stable legal and political systems.Changes are slow,and legal and political procedures are well established.Elections are held at regular intervals. Even changes in political parties after anelection do not produce radical or quick transformations. The stability of lawsgoverning the actions of individuals and institutions allows for accuratepredictions. The same cant be said for all countries. Managers in a globalorganization must stay informed of the specific laws in countries where they dobusiness.

　　4、美国的管理者习惯于稳定的法律和政治体系。在这一体系中，变化是缓慢的，法律和政治程序是完善的，选举定期举行，即使总统大选后的政党变化也不会引起快速的、根本的改变。由于支配个人和机构行为的法律是稳定的，因此就可以进行准确的预测，而其它国家并非都是如此。在全球组织任职的管理者必须熟知他们经营业务的国家所特有的法律体系。

　　5.Also,some countries have a history of unstable governments. Managers ofbusinesses in these countries face dramatically greater uncertainty as a result ofpolitical instability. For instance,political interference is a face of life in someAsian countries.

　　5、一些国家的政府在相当长的历史时间内都是不稳定的。这些国家的企业管理者由于政治不稳定而面临高度不确定性。政治干预也是众多亚洲国家现实生活的一个方面。

　　6.The legal-political environment doesnt have to be unstable orrevolutionary to be a concern to managers. Just the fact that a countrys laws andpolitical system differ from those of the United States is important. Managers mustrecognize these differences if they hope to understand the constraints under whichthey operate and the opportunities that exist.

　　6、法律-政治环境并非只有不稳定或具有革命性才会引起管理者的注意。事实上，一个国家法律或政治体系与美国的差异才是重要的。管理者如果希望了解他们经营中的约束以及存在的机会，就必须认识这些差异。

　　7.The Economic Environment

　　7、经济环境

　　8.The global manager must be aware of economic issues when doing business in other countries. One of the first is understanding the type of economic system under which the country operates. The two major types are a market economy and a command economy. A market economy is one in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector. A command economy is one in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government. In actuality,no economy is purely market or command. For instance,the United States and the United Kingdom are two countries at the market end of the spectrum but they do have minimal governmental control. The economies of Vietnam and North Korea,however,would be more command-based. Then theres China,a country thats more command based,but is moving to be more market-based. Why would managers need to know about a countrys economic system? Because it has the potential to constrain decisions and actions. Other economic issues a manager might need to understand include currency exchange rates,inflation rates,and diverse tax policies.

　　8、全球管理者在其它国家开展业务必须了解一些经济因素。首先，要知道所在国家的经济体制类型。两种主要的经济体制是：市场经济和计划经济。在市场经济中，资源主要是由私营企业所掌握和控制。在计划经济中，经济决策由中央政府决定。事实上，没有一种经济是纯市场或纯计划的。例如，英美两国都处在市场经济的一端，但是他们还有少量的政府控制。又如，越南和朝鲜的经济在更大程度上以控制为基础。还有中国，这个国家正从偏重以计划为基础向偏重以市场为基础转化。为什么管理者必须了解一个国家经济体制的情况呢?因为这可能会约束他们的决策和行为。管理者必须了解的其它经济因素包括汇率、通货膨胀和不同的税收政策。

　　1.Assume for a moment that youre a manager going to work for a branch of a global organization in a foreign country. You know that your environment will differ from the one at home,but how? What should you be looking for?

　　1、此刻假设你是一位美国经理，你准备到一家全球组织的国外分支机构工作.。你知道你的环境将与国内的不同，但二者的差异会达到什么程度呢?你应当注意些什么?

　　2.Any manager who finds himself or herself in a foreign country faces new challenges. In this section,well look at some of those challenges and offer guidelines for responding. Although our discussion is presented through the eyes of a U.S. manager,our analytical framework could be used by any manager who nas to manager in a foreign environment,regardless of national origin.

　　2、任何一位发觉自己处于一个陌生国家的管理者都面临着新的挑战。在这一节中，我们将考察这些挑战，并对如何做出反应提供一些指导。虽然我们将以一位美国管理者的视角来展开我们的讨论，但是我们的分析框架能为任何在国外环境中经营的管理者使用，不受国籍之限。

　　3.The Legal-Political Environment

　　3、法律-政治环境

　　4.U.S. managers are accustomed to stable legal and political systems.Changes are slow,and legal and political procedures are well established.Elections are held at regular intervals. Even changes in political parties after anelection do not produce radical or quick transformations. The stability of lawsgoverning the actions of individuals and institutions allows for accuratepredictions. The same cant be said for all countries. Managers in a globalorganization must stay informed of the specific laws in countries where they dobusiness.

　　4、美国的管理者习惯于稳定的法律和政治体系。在这一体系中，变化是缓慢的，法律和政治程序是完善的，选举定期举行，即使总统大选后的政党变化也不会引起快速的、根本的改变。由于支配个人和机构行为的法律是稳定的，因此就可以进行准确的预测，而其它国家并非都是如此。在全球组织任职的管理者必须熟知他们经营业务的国家所特有的法律体系。

　　5.Also,some countries have a history of unstable governments. Managers ofbusinesses in these countries face dramatically greater uncertainty as a result ofpolitical instability. For instance,political interference is a face of life in someAsian countries.

　　5、一些国家的政府在相当长的历史时间内都是不稳定的。这些国家的企业管理者由于政治不稳定而面临高度不确定性。政治干预也是众多亚洲国家现实生活的一个方面。

　　6.The legal-political environment doesnt have to be unstable orrevolutionary to be a concern to managers. Just the fact that a countrys laws andpolitical system differ from those of the United States is important. Managers mustrecognize these differences if they hope to understand the constraints under whichthey operate and the opportunities that exist.

　　6、法律-政治环境并非只有不稳定或具有革命性才会引起管理者的注意。事实上，一个国家法律或政治体系与美国的差异才是重要的。管理者如果希望了解他们经营中的约束以及存在的机会，就必须认识这些差异。

　　7.The Economic Environment

　　7、经济环境

　　8.The global manager must be aware of economic issues when doing business in other countries. One of the first is understanding the type of economic system under which the country operates. The two major types are a market economy and a command economy. A market economy is one in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector. A command economy is one in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government. In actuality,no economy is purely market or command. For instance,the United States and the United Kingdom are two countries at the market end of the spectrum but they do have minimal governmental control. The economies of Vietnam and North Korea,however,would be more command-based. Then theres China,a country thats more command based,but is moving to be more market-based. Why would managers need to know about a countrys economic system? Because it has the potential to constrain decisions and actions. Other economic issues a manager might need to understand include currency exchange rates,inflation rates,and diverse tax policies.

　　8、全球管理者在其它国家开展业务必须了解一些经济因素。首先，要知道所在国家的经济体制类型。两种主要的经济体制是：市场经济和计划经济。在市场经济中，资源主要是由私营企业所掌握和控制。在计划经济中，经济决策由中央政府决定。事实上，没有一种经济是纯市场或纯计划的。例如，英美两国都处在市场经济的一端，但是他们还有少量的政府控制。又如，越南和朝鲜的经济在更大程度上以控制为基础。还有中国，这个国家正从偏重以计划为基础向偏重以市场为基础转化。为什么管理者必须了解一个国家经济体制的情况呢?因为这可能会约束他们的决策和行为。管理者必须了解的其它经济因素包括汇率、通货膨胀和不同的税收政策。