Avalanche and Its Safety

　　An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often ______ with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are among the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.

　　All avalanches are ______ by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack that is too massive and unstable for the slope that supports it. Determining the critical load, the______ of over-burden which is likely to cause an avalanche, is a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.

　　Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees ______ have a low ______ of avalanche. Snow does not______ significantly on steep slopes: also, snow does not______ easily on flat slopes. Human triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snows angle of rest is ______ 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb is: A slope that is______ enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with______ ; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.

　　Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous ______ , including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather ______ , and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also ______ the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid ______ to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations: snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are _____ or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.

　　51. A. mixed B. mixing C. mixes D. have mixed

　　52. A. increased B. caused C. removed D. encountered

　　54. A. clearly B. likely C. typically D. surely

　　53. A. deal B. amount C. number D. much

　　55. A. weight B. form C. risk D. work

　　56. A. fall B. flow C. roll D. gather

　　57. A. fall B. flow C. roll D. gather

　　58. A. among B. between C. with D. for

　　59. A. thick B. thin C. flat D. rocky

　　60. A. use B. time C. snow D. rain

　　61. A. journey B. trip C. fact D. process

　　62. A. conditions B. reports C. forecast D. event

　　63. A. increase B. reduce C. improve D. remove

　　64. A. price B. effort C. attention D. money

　　65. A. missing B. grown C. big D. fresh

　　参考答案：

　　51-55 ABBCC

　　55-60 DBBCA

　　61-65 DABCA

　　Avalanche and Its Safety

　　An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often ______ with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are among the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.

　　All avalanches are ______ by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack that is too massive and unstable for the slope that supports it. Determining the critical load, the______ of over-burden which is likely to cause an avalanche, is a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.

　　Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees ______ have a low ______ of avalanche. Snow does not______ significantly on steep slopes: also, snow does not______ easily on flat slopes. Human triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snows angle of rest is ______ 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb is: A slope that is______ enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with______ ; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.

　　Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous ______ , including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather ______ , and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also ______ the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid ______ to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations: snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are _____ or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.

　　51. A. mixed B. mixing C. mixes D. have mixed

　　52. A. increased B. caused C. removed D. encountered

　　54. A. clearly B. likely C. typically D. surely

　　53. A. deal B. amount C. number D. much

　　55. A. weight B. form C. risk D. work

　　56. A. fall B. flow C. roll D. gather

　　57. A. fall B. flow C. roll D. gather

　　58. A. among B. between C. with D. for

　　59. A. thick B. thin C. flat D. rocky

　　60. A. use B. time C. snow D. rain

　　61. A. journey B. trip C. fact D. process

　　62. A. conditions B. reports C. forecast D. event

　　63. A. increase B. reduce C. improve D. remove

　　64. A. price B. effort C. attention D. money

　　65. A. missing B. grown C. big D. fresh

　　参考答案：

　　51-55 ABBCC

　　55-60 DBBCA

　　61-65 DABCA