曰韩免费_91久久精品国产亚洲_一区二区成人影院_九一视频在线免费观看_91国视频_亚洲成人中文在线

GRE写作话题:质疑精神

雕龙文库 分享 时间: 收藏本文

GRE写作话题:质疑精神

  编辑点评: 质疑精神是GRE写作的重要话题。积累相关的知识与词汇,对考生的写作大有裨益。本文为大家介绍三大类质疑精神。

  Skepticism refers to the philosophic position holding that the possibility of knowledge is limited either because of the limitations of the mind or because of the inaccessibility of its object. It is more loosely used to denote any questioning attitude. Extreme skepticism holds that no knowledge is possible, but this is logically untenable since the statement contradicts itself. During the Renaissance the influence of ancient skepticism was reflected preeminently in the writings of the 16th-century French philosophical essayist Michel de Montaigne. The greatest exponent of modern skepticism was the 18th-century Scottish empiricist philosopher David Hume. In his Treatise of Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding , Hume questions the possibility of demonstrating the truth of beliefs about the external world, causal connections, future events, or such metaphysical entities as the soul and God.

  The 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, while attempting to overcome Hume s skepticism, denied the possibility of knowing things in themselves or of achieving metaphysical knowledge. In the 19th century, the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche denied the possibility of complete objectivity, and thus of objective knowledge, in any field. The 20th-century American philosopher George Santayana, claiming to have taken Hume s skepticism a step further, maintained, in his work Scepticism and Animal Faith , that belief in the existence of anything, including oneself, rests on a natural, but irrational impulse. Elements of skepticism may be found in other modern schools of philosophy, including pragmatism, analytic and linguistic philosophy, and existentialism.

  Philosophical skepticism

  In philosophical skepticism, pyrrhonism is a position that refrains from making truth claims. A philosophical skeptic does not claim that truth is impossible . The label is commonly used to describe other philosophies which appear similar to philosophical skepticism, such as academic skepticism, an ancient variant of Platonism that claimed knowledge of truth was impossible. Empiricism is a closely related, but not identical, position to philosophical skepticism. Empiricists see empiricism as a pragmatic compromise between philosophical skepticism and nomothetic science; philosophical skepticism is in turn sometimes referred to as radical empiricism.

  Philosophical skepticism originated in ancient Greek philosophy. One of its first proponents was Pyrrho of Elis , who traveled and studied as far as India, and propounded the adoption of practical skepticism. Subsequently, in the New Academy Arcesilaos and Carneades developed more theoretical perspectives, by which conceptions of absolute truth and falsity were refuted. Carneades criticized the views of the Dogmatists, especially supporters of Stoicism, asserting that absolute certainty of knowledge is impossible. Sextus Empiricus , the main authority for Greek skepticism, developed the position further, incorporating aspects of empiricism into the basis for asserting knowledge.

  Greek skeptics criticized the Stoics, accusing them of dogmatism. For the skeptics, the logical mode of argument was untenable, as it relied on propositions which could not be said to be either true or false without relying on further propositions. This was the regress argument, whereby every proposition must rely on other propositions in order to maintain its validity. In addition, the skeptics argued that two propositions could not rely on each other, as this would create a circular argument . For the skeptics such logic was thus an inadequate measure of truth which could create as many problems as it claimed to have solved. Truth was not, however, necessarily unobtainable, but rather an idea which did not yet exist in a pure form. Although skepticism was accused of denying the possibility of truth, in actual fact it appears to have mainly been a critical school which merely claimed that logicians had not discovered truth.

  Scientific skepticism

  A scientific skeptic is one who questions the reliability of certain kinds of claims by subjecting them to a systematic investigation. The scientific method details the specific process by which this investigation of reality is conducted. Considering the rigor of the scientific method, science itself may simply be thought of as an organized form skepticism. This does not mean that the scientific skeptic is necessarily a scientist who conducts live experiments , but that the skeptic generally accepts claims that are in his/her view likely to be true based on testable hypotheses and critical thinking.

  Common topics that scientifically-skeptical literature questions include health claims surrounding certain foods, procedures, and medicines, such as homeopathy, Reiki, Thought Field Therapy , vertebral subluxations; the plausibility of supernatural entities ; as well as the existence of ESP/telekinesis, psychic powers, and telepathy ; topics in cryptozoology, Bigfoot, the Loch Ness monster, UFOs, crop circles, astrology, repressed memories, creationism, dowsing, conspiracy theories, and other claims the skeptic sees as unlikely to be true on scientific grounds.

  Most empirical or scientific skeptics do not profess philosophical skepticism. Whereas a philosophical skeptic may deny the very existence of knowledge, an empirical skeptic merely seeks likely proof before accepting that knowledge.

  

  编辑点评: 质疑精神是GRE写作的重要话题。积累相关的知识与词汇,对考生的写作大有裨益。本文为大家介绍三大类质疑精神。

  Skepticism refers to the philosophic position holding that the possibility of knowledge is limited either because of the limitations of the mind or because of the inaccessibility of its object. It is more loosely used to denote any questioning attitude. Extreme skepticism holds that no knowledge is possible, but this is logically untenable since the statement contradicts itself. During the Renaissance the influence of ancient skepticism was reflected preeminently in the writings of the 16th-century French philosophical essayist Michel de Montaigne. The greatest exponent of modern skepticism was the 18th-century Scottish empiricist philosopher David Hume. In his Treatise of Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding , Hume questions the possibility of demonstrating the truth of beliefs about the external world, causal connections, future events, or such metaphysical entities as the soul and God.

  The 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, while attempting to overcome Hume s skepticism, denied the possibility of knowing things in themselves or of achieving metaphysical knowledge. In the 19th century, the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche denied the possibility of complete objectivity, and thus of objective knowledge, in any field. The 20th-century American philosopher George Santayana, claiming to have taken Hume s skepticism a step further, maintained, in his work Scepticism and Animal Faith , that belief in the existence of anything, including oneself, rests on a natural, but irrational impulse. Elements of skepticism may be found in other modern schools of philosophy, including pragmatism, analytic and linguistic philosophy, and existentialism.

  Philosophical skepticism

  In philosophical skepticism, pyrrhonism is a position that refrains from making truth claims. A philosophical skeptic does not claim that truth is impossible . The label is commonly used to describe other philosophies which appear similar to philosophical skepticism, such as academic skepticism, an ancient variant of Platonism that claimed knowledge of truth was impossible. Empiricism is a closely related, but not identical, position to philosophical skepticism. Empiricists see empiricism as a pragmatic compromise between philosophical skepticism and nomothetic science; philosophical skepticism is in turn sometimes referred to as radical empiricism.

  Philosophical skepticism originated in ancient Greek philosophy. One of its first proponents was Pyrrho of Elis , who traveled and studied as far as India, and propounded the adoption of practical skepticism. Subsequently, in the New Academy Arcesilaos and Carneades developed more theoretical perspectives, by which conceptions of absolute truth and falsity were refuted. Carneades criticized the views of the Dogmatists, especially supporters of Stoicism, asserting that absolute certainty of knowledge is impossible. Sextus Empiricus , the main authority for Greek skepticism, developed the position further, incorporating aspects of empiricism into the basis for asserting knowledge.

  Greek skeptics criticized the Stoics, accusing them of dogmatism. For the skeptics, the logical mode of argument was untenable, as it relied on propositions which could not be said to be either true or false without relying on further propositions. This was the regress argument, whereby every proposition must rely on other propositions in order to maintain its validity. In addition, the skeptics argued that two propositions could not rely on each other, as this would create a circular argument . For the skeptics such logic was thus an inadequate measure of truth which could create as many problems as it claimed to have solved. Truth was not, however, necessarily unobtainable, but rather an idea which did not yet exist in a pure form. Although skepticism was accused of denying the possibility of truth, in actual fact it appears to have mainly been a critical school which merely claimed that logicians had not discovered truth.

  Scientific skepticism

  A scientific skeptic is one who questions the reliability of certain kinds of claims by subjecting them to a systematic investigation. The scientific method details the specific process by which this investigation of reality is conducted. Considering the rigor of the scientific method, science itself may simply be thought of as an organized form skepticism. This does not mean that the scientific skeptic is necessarily a scientist who conducts live experiments , but that the skeptic generally accepts claims that are in his/her view likely to be true based on testable hypotheses and critical thinking.

  Common topics that scientifically-skeptical literature questions include health claims surrounding certain foods, procedures, and medicines, such as homeopathy, Reiki, Thought Field Therapy , vertebral subluxations; the plausibility of supernatural entities ; as well as the existence of ESP/telekinesis, psychic powers, and telepathy ; topics in cryptozoology, Bigfoot, the Loch Ness monster, UFOs, crop circles, astrology, repressed memories, creationism, dowsing, conspiracy theories, and other claims the skeptic sees as unlikely to be true on scientific grounds.

  Most empirical or scientific skeptics do not profess philosophical skepticism. Whereas a philosophical skeptic may deny the very existence of knowledge, an empirical skeptic merely seeks likely proof before accepting that knowledge.

  

主站蜘蛛池模板: 四虎影院在线免费观看 | 国产日韩欧美高清 | 国产精品偷伦视频免费观看了 | 成在人av抽搐高潮喷水流白浆 | 国产大片黄在线看免费 | 国产又爽又粗又猛的视频 | 香蕉视频色板 | 性船欧美无删减高清在线观看 | 无人区码一码二码w358cc | 国产成人18黄网站 | 国产人妻人伦精品1国产 | 国产三级大片 | 无码日韩人妻av一区免费 | 亚洲日韩亚洲另类激情文学 | 国产区在线观看 | 人妻夜夜爽天天爽一区 | 免费在线国产视频 | 亚洲欧洲日本在线 | 国产xxxx99真实实拍 | 人妻在客厅被c的呻吟 | 欧美电影一区二区 | 美女二区 | 极品91| 热99在线视频 | 国产成人欧美 | 欧美粗大猛烈老熟妇 | 国产欧美精品综合一区 | 一级做a爰片性色毛片中国 一级做a爰全过程免费视频毛片 | 老熟妇乱子伦牲交视频 | 免费国产va在线观看视频 | 最新亚洲人成网站在线观看 | 天天色综合色 | 国产女女精品视频久热视频 | 成人性生交大片免费看96 | 用舌头去添高潮无码视频 | 亚洲avav天堂av在线网毛片 | 欧美一区二区三区四区视频 | 激情内射人妻1区2区3区 | 亚洲欧美字幕 | av在线亚洲男人的天堂 | 玩弄放荡人妻少妇系列视频 |