一、演绎推理论证法

　　将一个具体的事例运用到一个一般性原则从而得出结论。

　　论点：Demand for this product wii go up。

　　论据：The price of the product is sliding.

　　推理依据：Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.

　　二、定义法

　　界定一个概念的关键内涵;或者认定某个事物符合某个定义，从而得出结论。例如：

　　论点：Radical feminists are not good citizens.

　　论据：Radical feminists lack family values.

　　推理依据：Family values characterize the good citizes.

　　三、因果关系论证法

　　将一个判断放入一个因果关系中，指出它或者是原因，或者是结果。例如：

　　论点：The internet may be causing depression.

　　论据：When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.

　　推理依据：There are no other reasons for the groups depression.

　　四、归纳推理论证法

　　从若干个具体事例中推出共性的一般结论。如：

　　论点：Everyone likes the movie.

　　论据：I know three people who like the movie.

　　推理依据：Three eaxmples are enough.

　　五、列举特征式论证法

　　指出某事物发生或者生存的征候或者迹象。例如：

　　论点：The child has chickenpox.

　　论据：The child has red spots.

　　推理依据：These spots are signs of chickenpox.

　　六、类比论证法

　　用我们已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比较，并用前者的情况解释者 的情况。分为三种：纵向类比、横向类比、比喻式类比。例如：

　　1.纵向类比

　　论点：Many people will die of SARS.

　　论据：Many people died of the Black Death.

　　推理依据：SARS and Black Death are similar.

　　2.横向类比

　　论点：China should have its fighter carriers.

　　论据：A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.

　　推理依据：The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.

　　3.比喻式类比

　　论点：Reading a difficult book should take time.

　　论据：Digesting a large metal takes time.

　　推理依据：Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.

　　七、引用权威论证法

　　引用公认的权威，或者论证自己就是权威从而对自己的观点加以论证。例如：

　　论点：Chinas economy will grow 8 poercent this year.

　　论据：Professors and scientists say so.

　　推理依据：These experts are reliable.

　　八、诉诸尝试法

　　利用人们的常识【包括：普遍的价值观念、人的普遍动机、生活常识】进行论证。例如：

　　1.诉诸普遍性的价值观念。

　　论点：The university curriculum should be multicultural.

　　论据：A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.

　　推理依据：You value equality and acceptance.

　　2.诉诸普遍动机

　　论点：You should support this candidate premier.

　　论据：The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.

　　推理依据：You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.

　　3.诉诸生活常识

　　论点：She was very kind to me.

　　论据：She treated me with the best tea she had.

　　推理依据：A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.

　　九、反证法

　　假设一个观点是正确的，然后却推导出荒谬的结论。例如：

　　论点：An industrious man must also be thrifty.

　　论据：With only industry but without thrift ，the person will end uo bankrupt.

　　推理依据：An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.

　　十、统计数据论证法

　　提供数据，以资论证。例如：

　　论点：We should end the current poverty-relief program.

　　论据：It costs $45 million per year.

　　推理依据：This is too much;it proves we should end it.

　　只是一个详细的结构上的分析说明，在具体运用时，我们经常讲推理依据和论据放在了一起，但只要合理即可。论据可以自己编造，也可以是大众的例子，关键在于自己怎么样建立论点和论据之间的桥梁。上面的这些技巧，可能我们只用到某种或某几种，但我们必须得会至少一种。

　　一、演绎推理论证法

　　将一个具体的事例运用到一个一般性原则从而得出结论。

　　论点：Demand for this product wii go up。

　　论据：The price of the product is sliding.

　　推理依据：Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.

　　二、定义法

　　界定一个概念的关键内涵;或者认定某个事物符合某个定义，从而得出结论。例如：

　　论点：Radical feminists are not good citizens.

　　论据：Radical feminists lack family values.

　　推理依据：Family values characterize the good citizes.

　　三、因果关系论证法

　　将一个判断放入一个因果关系中，指出它或者是原因，或者是结果。例如：

　　论点：The internet may be causing depression.

　　论据：When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.

　　推理依据：There are no other reasons for the groups depression.

　　四、归纳推理论证法

　　从若干个具体事例中推出共性的一般结论。如：

　　论点：Everyone likes the movie.

　　论据：I know three people who like the movie.

　　推理依据：Three eaxmples are enough.

　　五、列举特征式论证法

　　指出某事物发生或者生存的征候或者迹象。例如：

　　论点：The child has chickenpox.

　　论据：The child has red spots.

　　推理依据：These spots are signs of chickenpox.

　　六、类比论证法

　　用我们已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比较，并用前者的情况解释者 的情况。分为三种：纵向类比、横向类比、比喻式类比。例如：

　　1.纵向类比

　　论点：Many people will die of SARS.

　　论据：Many people died of the Black Death.

　　推理依据：SARS and Black Death are similar.

　　2.横向类比

　　论点：China should have its fighter carriers.

　　论据：A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.

　　推理依据：The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.

　　3.比喻式类比

　　论点：Reading a difficult book should take time.

　　论据：Digesting a large metal takes time.

　　推理依据：Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.

　　七、引用权威论证法

　　引用公认的权威，或者论证自己就是权威从而对自己的观点加以论证。例如：

　　论点：Chinas economy will grow 8 poercent this year.

　　论据：Professors and scientists say so.

　　推理依据：These experts are reliable.

　　八、诉诸尝试法

　　利用人们的常识【包括：普遍的价值观念、人的普遍动机、生活常识】进行论证。例如：

　　1.诉诸普遍性的价值观念。

　　论点：The university curriculum should be multicultural.

　　论据：A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.

　　推理依据：You value equality and acceptance.

　　2.诉诸普遍动机

　　论点：You should support this candidate premier.

　　论据：The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.

　　推理依据：You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.

　　3.诉诸生活常识

　　论点：She was very kind to me.

　　论据：She treated me with the best tea she had.

　　推理依据：A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.

　　九、反证法

　　假设一个观点是正确的，然后却推导出荒谬的结论。例如：

　　论点：An industrious man must also be thrifty.

　　论据：With only industry but without thrift ，the person will end uo bankrupt.

　　推理依据：An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.

　　十、统计数据论证法

　　提供数据，以资论证。例如：

　　论点：We should end the current poverty-relief program.

　　论据：It costs $45 million per year.

　　推理依据：This is too much;it proves we should end it.

　　只是一个详细的结构上的分析说明，在具体运用时，我们经常讲推理依据和论据放在了一起，但只要合理即可。论据可以自己编造，也可以是大众的例子，关键在于自己怎么样建立论点和论据之间的桥梁。上面的这些技巧，可能我们只用到某种或某几种，但我们必须得会至少一种。